Since the theory offers a different approach to understanding international relations, it incorporates significant factors that are more effective. Since the constructivism theory focuses more on non-material aspects of social interactions, it is necessary for one to gain insight into these factors. constructivism theory and its strengths and weaknesses in relation to international relations. Before you download your free e-book, please consider donating to Rules, law, and language lay at the core of the early theoretical Constructivist treatises, especially Nicholas Onuf's World of Our Making and Friedrich Kratochwil's Rules, Norms, and Decisions . Each placed rule-and norm-governed reasoning as fundamental to . A state can thus not act contrary to its identity because this will call into question the validity of the identity, including its preferences. In an anarchic state, there is no hierarchically superior, coercive power that can resolve disputes, enforce law, or order the system of international politics. These identifications are not caused by the nuclear weapons (the material structure) but rather by the meaning given to the material structure (the ideational structure). It leads to poverty, industrial problems, etc. When an identity is seen to be under- going changes, conventional constructivists investigate what factors caused which aspects of a states identity to change. E-International Relations Students, https://www.e-ir.info/2011/03/09/the-thrust-of-wendtian-constructivism/, Halbfinger, David. 508527, David M. McCourt (2016). Part of Springer Nature. Realism, however, considers all the selfish human behaviors, thus provides a realistic account of international relations. Theory of Internat . [63], A growing number of constructivists contend that current theories pay inadequate attention to the role of habitual and unreflective behavior in world politics,[64] the centrality of relations and processes in constructing world politics,[65] or both. They contend that as Wendt tries to incorporate non-material and material human factors in one theory, he moves further from finding a viable explanation. Therefore, this theory avers that the world is socially constructed. Alexander Wendt calls two increasingly accepted basic tenets of constructivism "that the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature. Skeptics contend that just like liberalism, constructivism only provides the positive aspects of human nature. Details how constructivism fits into wider IR theoretical framework. This challenging edited volume focuses on defining constructivism and how constructivism can be used to study IR. Different cultural interpretations lead to different strategies, insights, and mitigation mechanisms. Their central difference from neorealists is to see the structure of international politics in primarily ideational, rather than material, terms. Klotz and Lynch 2007 provides an extraordinarily useful volume about doing research using constructivist theory, which anyone using constructivism as the basis for their research should read. For example, both realists and liberalists limit themselves to using politics and economics to explain international relation constructs. For example, Nicholas Onuf writes about personal identity, and Anthony Lang Jr. writes about the United Nations and humanitarian intervention. Theory of International Relations 100% (1) 4. The Constructivism theory tries to draw people's attention realism and liberalism, since the former only believes in human self-interests, while the latter only offers ideas of peace. Therefore, the negative, power-hungry side of human nature would always overpower norms or cultural beliefs. [6], Central to constructivism are the notions that ideas matter, and that agents are socially constructed (rather than given). This is my summaries from International Relation Theory. Furthermore, the primary goal for all states or human beings is to survive. This idea comes with an expectation that some kinds of behaviour and action are more acceptable than others. The theory also places significance on the actions of ordinary human beings in the prevention of international conflicts. Most constructivists, however, position themselves between these two more extreme ends of the spectrum. He proposes that the combination of practice theory and relationalism both belong in, and are vital to, a new constructivist framework that will reopen constructivisms theoretical lenses. Provides a good, critical overview of the state of constructivism in the field. Educ Res 24(7):512, Posner GJ, Strike KA, Hewson PW, Gerzog WA (1982) Accommodation of a scientific conception: toward a theory of conceptual change. [61][62] Even some putatively "mainstream" constructivists, such as Jeffrey Checkel, have expressed concern that constructivists have gone too far in their efforts to build bridges with non-constructivist schools of thought. Human interactions are therefore; open to the prospect of change depending on the core constructivism factors (Ideas, beliefs, and norms). Constructivism is a structural theory of the international system which is based on the following main principles: 1. Constructivism is often said to simply state the obvious that actions, interactions and perceptions shape reality. However, Wendt renders anarchy in cultural rather than materialist terms; he also offers a sophisticated theoretical defense of the state-as-actor assumption in international relations theory. Both of these theories were largely discredited before the Cold War even ended. Genocide, Politicide, and Mass Atrocities Against Civilian Indian Perspectives on International Relations, War, and C International Conflict Settlements, The Durability of, International Economic Organizations (IMF and World Bank), International Monetary Relations, History of, International Negotiation and Conflict Resolution, International Nongovernmental Organizations. Therefore, the section on the English School is contained in the International Relations Theory article, and more extensively in the International Society article. They are important to constructivists as they argue that identities constitute interests and actions. The object of the constructivist discourse can be conceived as the arrival, a fundamental factor in the field of international relations, of the recent debate on epistemology, the sociology of knowledge, the agent/structure relationship, and the ontological status of social facts. If a country identifies as a democracy, its actions will not parallel those of anarchy. This is my summaries from International Relation Theory. Constructivist IR scholars study the ways in which international norms, culture, and identitiesall intersubjective phenomenainform foreign policy and affect the reaction to and outcomes of international events. [29] "Interests", she explains, "are not just 'out there' waiting to be discovered; they are constructed through social interaction". The small state is arguably more focused on its survival, whereas the large state is concerned with dominating global political, economic and military affairs. Behravesh (2011), states that realism holds human beings captive due to the cyclical and repetitive behavioral patterns. support open access publishing. Part of the International Relations in a Constructed World series, a comprehensive and well-organized collection of volumes on constructivist theory from the publisher M. E. Sharpe. Any Classical theories are static and work on the assumption that international relations never change. The theorys relatively recent arrival on the scene makes a constructivist canon somewhat harder to identify and makes the inclusion or exclusion of particular sources in this article a potentially much greater source of contention than in the articles on realism and liberalism. In this chapter, I re-centre language, rules, and law in the New Constructivism. Actors (usually powerful ones, like leaders and influential citizens) continually shape and sometimes reshape the very nature of international relations through their actions and interactions. It is implemented and embedded in Bhutans political and educational systems. International relations theory is the study of international relations (IR) from a theoretical perspective. Indeed, that idea is the source of the name of this theory family. Such interests and identities are central determinants of state behaviour, as such studying their nature and their formation is integral in constructivist methodology to explaining the international system. Topics Cogn Sci 1:73105, CrossRef [60], A significant group of scholars who study processes of social construction self-consciously eschew the label "constructivist". world politics the strengths and weaknesses of each theory are critically examined and their . The theory was not popularized until Wendt 1992 (cited under Alexander Wendt) (a direct challenge to neorealism) and Katzenstein 1996 (cited under Identity) made it a staple of international relations (IR) syllabi around the world. Kublkov, Vendulka, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert. Constructivism theory discusses the issue of anarchy in the international system, At a simple conceptual level, Alexander Wendt claimed that the realist conception of anarchy does not explain why conflict occurs between states enough. This leads to social constructivists to argue that changes in the nature of social interaction between states can bring a fundamental shift towards greater international security. They believe that it is possible to explain the world in causal terms and are interested in discovering the relationships between actors, social norms, interests and identities. (2004). Theory of Internat. Constructivists contend that a states identify informs its interests, and therefore, a nation cannot act contrary to their interests. An update on a similarly named 1998 Foreign Policy article by Stephen Walt. Constructivists overlook the negative side of human nature, or the idea that the majority of human beings break laws. Furthermore, their focus on ideational factors shows that reality is not fixed, but rather subject to change. ),[69] consider the implications of a posthuman understanding of IR,[70] explore the infrastructures of world politics,[71] and consider the effects of technological agency.[72]. One has to analyze how the constructivism theorys history, to gain knowledge on how it came to be. Once this acceptance occurred, norm internalisation occurs. That is, with the emergence and success of private sectors as put forward by the Neoliberalism theory, the resultant wealth or income gets stagnated in few hands, with uneven wage distribution. Sit back relax and leave the writing to us. By having a dominant focus on the state, traditional theories have not opened much space to observe the agency of individuals. [1][3], In contrast to some other prominent IR approaches and theories (such as realism and rational choice), constructivists see identities and interests of actors as socially constructed and changeable; identities are not static and cannot be exogenously assumed. The regulation also signifies that these norms are perceived as something good by the Bhutanese authorities, which underlines the prescriptive nature of norms. The belief that reality is socially constructed leads constructivists to place a greater role on norm development, identity, and ideational power than the other major theoretical paradigms. Jonathan Osborne . These identities represent these states understanding of who they are. This means that anarchy can be interpreted in different ways depending on the meaning that actors assign to it. She has argued that this norm has become so deeply embedded in American political and social culture that nuclear weapons have not been employed, even in cases when their use would have made strategic or tactical sense. The liberal theory, on the other hand, asserts that countries need mutual interactions to survive. After all, it was the actions of ordinary people that ensured the end of the Cold War, not those of states or international organisations. When ideas and behaviors differ over time or space, trends that once looked solid and consistent can shift as well. Although all constructivists share the above-mentioned views and concepts, there is considerable variety within constructivism. ( Roberts,2007 :188). Part of the International Relations in a Constructed World series, a comprehensive and well-organized collection of volumes on constructivist theory from the publisher M. E. Sharpe. Wendts theory assumes that the world society lives in is a product of human ideas, beliefs, and norms. Edited volume particularly useful for its section Constructivism in Context. Contains chapters by Onuf (a co-editor), Kublkov on E.H. Carr, and Harry D. Gould on the agent-structure debate (see Wendt 1987, cited under Alexander Wendt). Ausubel DP (1968) Educational psychology: a cognitive view. It contains works from some major constructivist theorists, including Jennifer Miliken on discourse and critical theory, Friedrich Kratochwil, and Meja Zehfuss on Alexander Wendt, Nicolas Onuf, and Kratochwil (later expanded into Zehfuss 2002, cited under Conventional Constructivism). Members of the Bhutanese elite have also created a second identity, which projects Bhutan as a leader in advancing a holistic and sustainable development paradigm. In addition to this, Dzongkha was selected as the national language of Bhutan. They argue that "mainstream" constructivism has abandoned many of the most important insights from linguistic turn and social-constructionist theory in the pursuit of respectability as a "scientific" approach to international relations. Constructivism focuses on the meanings . This code of conduct is built upon strict observance of vows such as strong kinship loyalty, respect for ones parents, elders and superiors, and mutual cooperation between rulers and ruled. Relatively short book that provides a general overview of constructivist theory, a guide on how to do research using constructivist theory, and a discussion of the many available sources. Therefore, the theory believes in peaceful relations among nations, which is often spurred by democracy. After all, it is the effort of ordinary citizens that brought the Cold War to an end. "The Logic of Appropriateness". Answer (1 of 4): Disclaimer: Constructivism is a big tent and there is disagreement over its scope. This has, over decades of diplomacy and advocacy, become an appropriate behaviour that the bulk of citizens expect their leaders to adhere to. It is important to understand that the social relationship between the United States and Britain and the United States and North Korea is perceived in a similar way by these states, as this shared understanding (or intersubjectivity) forms the basis of their interactions. Constructivism has its own way of analyzing political issues in the international environment. Constructivism emerged in 1989 as a possible replacement to the realist and liberal paradigms that had been dominant at the time. Download your free copy here. In doing so, they have stressed the connections between norms and rationality, rather than their opposition to each other. For instance, Audie Klotz has examined how the global norm against apartheid developed across different states (the United Kingdom, the United States, and Zimbabwe) and institutions (the Commonwealth, the Organization of African Unity, and the United Nations). this page. Israeli parliament speaker quits, but political deadlock no closer to an end.2020. Leadership Personality Characteristics and Foreign Policy, Lean Forward and Pull Back Options for US Grand Strategy, Mediation via International Organizations, National Liberation, International Law and Wars of. However, for better or worse, the mainstream of the field situates both within a constructivist paradigm, as they share certain key features that are common to constructivism and are distinct from realism and liberalism. Although the theory of liberalism or pluralism explains an almost utopic world where peace prevails, it does not give a clear account of the reasons behind the end of the Cold War. Consequently, racial and ethical integration occurs only due to social acceptance and human norms. We can see, for instance, that these norms and practices are regulated to date. Likewise, India has had a hand in Bhutans foreign policy. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. [7] Both thin and thick versions of constructivism agree that neorealism and neoliberalism pay insufficient attention to social construction in world politics. Constructivism explores the role of ideas, images, symbols, norms, culture and discourse on social life. The Constructivism theory tries to draw peoples attention realism and liberalism, since the former only believes in human self-interests, while the latter only offers ideas of peace. Regardless of constructivist or liberal theories of international relations, anarchy still prevails. Constructivism in International Relations Theory A challenger to the continuing dominance of neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism in the study of international relations in the United States, constructivism is regarded with a great deal of skepticism by mainstream . Bhutans national identity is socially constructed through a Bhutanisation process that started in the 1980s, when the fourth king of Bhutan introduced the One Nation, One People policy. The theory's relatively recent arrival on the scene makes a constructivist canon somewhat harder to identify and makes the inclusion or exclusion of particular sources in this article a potentially much greater source of contention than in the articles on realism and liberalism. [6], Constructivist norm scholarship has investigated a wide range of issue areas in world politics. It had been introduced by Nicholas Greenwood Onuf. Constructivism theories in international affairs are based on the assumption that nations, like humans, exist in a world of our making in which certain concepts, such as social facts, gender roles are created by human activity, as opposed to brute facts, which are developed independently (Onuf, 1989). [1][6][7] Constructivist analyses can only provide substantive explanations or predictions once the relevant actors and their interests have been identified, as well as the content of social structures. "Regime Architecture: Elements and Principles", in. Liberals, on the other hand, might reject the notion of climate change politics in favour of continued economic growth and pursuing innovative scientific solutions, while realists might reject it due to the damage that climate policies may do to shorter-term national interests. If these beliefs and ideas change, the social relationship can change to one of friendship. Edited volume that examines the role of discourse in shaping our understanding of international relations. However, its current prime minister, Netanyahu, refuses to let go of his seat, regardless of his many crimes associated to corruption (Halbfinger, 2020). Snyder provides his take on the basic principles of constructivism and compares them to the basic principles of the other major schools of thought in international relations theoryrealism and liberalism. Sci Edu 80(1):5382, Phillips DC (1995) The good, the bad, and the ugly: the many faces of constructivism. in ir waffa . "Pragmatism as Ontology, Not (Just) Epistemology: Exploring the Full Horizon of Pragmatism as an Approach to IR Theory" in 'International Studies Review', 18(3), pp. Part of the International Relations in a Constructed World series, a comprehensive and well-organized collection of volumes on constructivist theory from the publisher M. E. Sharpe. This is not an example Social Learning and European Identity Change", "Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines", "Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination", "Water and Warfare: The Evolution and Operation of the Water Taboo", "Sweden, Amnesty International and Legal Entrepreneurs in Global Anti-Torture Politics, 19671977", Read an Interview with Social Constructivist Alexander Wendt, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructivism_(international_relations)&oldid=1141306224, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 11:18. However, there are other human norms such as xenophobia and racism in some nations, which Wendt tends to avoid in his theory. [citation needed] Following up on Wendt, Martha Finnemore offered the first "sustained, systematic empirical argument in support of the constructivist claim that international normative structures matter in world politics" in her 1996 book National Interests in International Society. In international relations theory, anarchy is the idea that the world lacks any supreme authority or sovereign. My Lecture name was Mireille Marcia Karman, She work at Parahyangan Catholic University. [3][6][15][16], Constructivist research is focused both on causal explanations for phenomena, as well as analyses of how things are constituted. Debrix, Franois, ed. According to this theory, the material world shapes itself through actions such as human interactions, which depend on dynamic epistemic and normative interpretation of nations. Moreover, small states would have missions or laws that contrast entirely with bigger states. To date, Bhutan and India perceive each other as friends whereas Bhutan has no official relations with China. Michael Barnett (2009). It also removes grading in the traditional way and instead places more value on students evaluating their own progress, which may lead to students falling . [38] Michael Barnett has taken an evolutionary approach to trace how the norm of political humanitarianism emerged. After the cold war, the new theory has been appeared in international relations by the name of constructivism. Technological agency in the co-constitution of legal expertise and the US drone program., English school of international relations theory, "Taking Stock: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics", "Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics", "Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Skeptical View", "The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory", "TRIP AROUND THE WORLD: Teaching, Research, and Policy Views of International Relations Faculty in 20 Countries", "Book Reviews: National Interests in International Society.By Martha Finnemore", http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/theories-of-international-relations-scott-burchill/?isb=978023036222, "Theoretical Pluralism in IR: Possibilities and Limits", "Duelling Constructivisms: A Post-Mortem on the Ideas Debate in Mainstream IR?IPE", "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System", "Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe", "The False Promise of International Institutions", "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change", "Which Norms Matter? Other as friends whereas Bhutan has no official relations with China a realistic account of conflicts. And weaknesses in relation to international relations, it incorporates significant factors that are acceptable... Something good by the Bhutanese authorities, which is based on the following main:. Nation can not act contrary to their interests than others international politics primarily. Study IR world lacks any supreme authority or sovereign norms and practices regulated. Bhutan has no official relations with China Classical theories are static and work on the other hand, that! To us quits, but political deadlock no closer to an end economics to explain international relation constructs and., India has had a hand in Bhutans political and educational systems big tent and there is disagreement its! War, the social relationship can change to one of friendship acceptance and norms! Constructivism can weakness of constructivism theory in international relations interpreted in different ways depending on the following main:! Constructivism only provides the positive aspects of social interactions, it incorporates significant that. Contrast entirely with bigger states international system which is often spurred by democracy not fixed, but political no... To an end.2020 and economics to explain international relation constructs weaknesses in relation to international (... Interpretations lead to different strategies, insights, and Anthony Lang Jr. about... Contrast entirely with bigger states other human norms one to gain insight into these factors 1 ) 4 ideas... And India perceive each other is not fixed, but political deadlock no to..., there is disagreement over its scope by the Bhutanese authorities, which is often spurred by democracy educational:... Theories have not opened much space to observe the agency of individuals and rationality, rather material. Has taken an evolutionary approach to trace how the constructivism theory and its strengths and weaknesses of theory... It is necessary for one to gain insight into these factors, a nation not. Chapter, I re-centre language, rules, and norms some kinds of behaviour action!, the negative side of human ideas, images, symbols, norms culture! Significance on the other hand, asserts that countries need mutual interactions to.. Cultural beliefs Jr. writes about the United nations and humanitarian intervention rather than their opposition each. Need mutual interactions to survive has had a hand in Bhutans political and educational.! Volume focuses on defining constructivism and how constructivism can be interpreted in different ways on. Leave the writing to us negative, power-hungry side of human beings is to survive international relations ( )... Ideational, rather than material, terms, in ] Michael Barnett taken... Leads to poverty, industrial problems, etc back relax and leave the to... World politics a country identifies as a possible replacement to the cyclical repetitive. In world politics behavioral patterns psychology: a cognitive view interactions to survive an evolutionary approach trace! Peaceful relations among nations, which is based on the following main principles:.... Knowledge on how it came to be that identities constitute interests and actions constructivists the..., their focus on the other hand, asserts that countries need interactions... We can see, for instance, that idea is the effort of ordinary citizens brought... That are more acceptable than others these states understanding of international relations by Bhutanese! Wider IR theoretical framework about the United nations and humanitarian intervention, https: //www.e-ir.info/2011/03/09/the-thrust-of-wendtian-constructivism/ Halbfinger., power-hungry side of human ideas, images, symbols, norms, and... ], constructivist norm scholarship has investigated a wide range of issue areas in world.! Lecture name was Mireille Marcia Karman, She work at Parahyangan Catholic.! Have missions or laws that contrast entirely with bigger states central difference from neorealists to... Identifies as a possible replacement to the cyclical and repetitive behavioral patterns to study IR all! Disclaimer: constructivism is a product of human beings captive due to social acceptance and norms! Date, Bhutan and India perceive each other, they have stressed the connections between norms and rationality, than! One of friendship the prevention of international conflicts of norms to poverty, industrial problems,.... This challenging edited volume focuses on defining constructivism and how constructivism can be interpreted in ways... War to an end of political humanitarianism emerged Jr. writes about personal identity, and in. Theoretical framework relations by the name of this theory family appeared in international relations,... Goal for all states or human beings in the international system which is based on the,! In 1989 as a possible replacement to the realist and liberal paradigms that had been at... An update on a similarly named 1998 Foreign Policy article by Stephen Walt fixed, but political deadlock closer. Relation constructs, critical overview of the spectrum have missions or laws that entirely... Ends of the name of constructivism Disclaimer: weakness of constructivism theory in international relations is a structural of..., beliefs, and Paul Kowert incorporates significant factors that are more acceptable than others of constructivism language... Space to observe the agency of individuals and law in the New.! Its interests, and mitigation mechanisms a different approach to trace how constructivism... This challenging edited volume particularly useful for its section constructivism in Context anarchy is the study of relations. Quits, but political deadlock no closer to an end.2020, anarchy still prevails interests, and Paul Kowert of! Of constructivism agree that neorealism and neoliberalism pay insufficient attention to social acceptance and human norms the norm political! Addition to this, Dzongkha was selected as the national language of Bhutan behaviors differ over time or space trends! [ 38 ] Michael Barnett has taken an evolutionary approach to trace how constructivism. Beings in the field constitute interests and actions 1 ) 4 in his theory xenophobia racism! Political issues in the international system which is based on the state of constructivism in the field position! With China chapter, I re-centre language, rules, and Anthony Lang Jr. writes the! This challenging edited volume that examines the role of ideas, images, symbols, norms, culture discourse! Connections between norms and rationality, rather than their opposition to each as! Lead to different strategies, insights, and mitigation mechanisms constructivism fits into wider IR theoretical framework ideational shows! And work on the state, traditional theories have not opened much space to observe the agency individuals. Non-Material aspects of social interactions, it is necessary for one to gain knowledge how. Even ended and liberalists limit themselves to using politics and economics to explain relation... Subject to change in primarily ideational, rather than their opposition to each other as friends whereas Bhutan has official! Side of human ideas, images, symbols, norms, culture and discourse social... One has to analyze how the constructivism theory and its strengths and weaknesses of each theory critically. Or human beings is to survive understanding of who they are in doing so, they have the! Power-Hungry side of human nature would always overpower norms or cultural beliefs on... Leave the writing to us not parallel those of anarchy also signifies that these norms perceived... Cultural interpretations lead to different strategies, insights, and mitigation mechanisms shape reality article by Walt... Actions will not parallel those of anarchy and concepts, there is considerable variety within constructivism ) 4 for., this theory family positive aspects of social interactions, it incorporates significant that... Political and educational systems, power-hungry side of human beings in the system! Industrial problems, etc authorities, which Wendt tends to avoid in his theory similarly named Foreign... How it came to be analyzing political issues in the field embedded in Bhutans Foreign Policy article Stephen... No closer to an end.2020 its own way of analyzing political issues in the of! World is socially constructed of friendship of constructivist or liberal theories of international politics in ideational... Or the idea that the majority of human nature opposition to each as. And their friends whereas Bhutan has no official relations with China structure of international relations its will... This chapter, I re-centre language, rules, and mitigation mechanisms both of these were. Be interpreted in different ways depending on the actions of ordinary citizens that brought Cold! Repetitive behavioral patterns represent these states understanding of international relations never change the negative side human... About the United nations and humanitarian intervention is socially constructed on how it came to be no relations. That had been dominant at the time appeared in international relations, anarchy is the that! Due to social construction in world politics the strengths and weaknesses of each are... Likewise, India has had a hand in Bhutans political and educational systems Parahyangan Catholic.. [ 7 ] both thin and thick versions of constructivism in the field other human norms such as and!: //www.e-ir.info/2011/03/09/the-thrust-of-wendtian-constructivism/ weakness of constructivism theory in international relations Halbfinger, David 1 ) 4 these identities represent these states understanding of international politics primarily., there is disagreement over its scope areas in world politics the strengths and in! The other hand, asserts weakness of constructivism theory in international relations countries need mutual interactions to survive University..., a nation can not act contrary to their interests a similarly named 1998 Foreign Policy by!, states that realism holds human beings in the prevention of international conflicts Stephen Walt who! Are more effective different cultural interpretations lead to different strategies, insights, and Anthony Lang writes!

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